In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the
scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous
clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in
contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child
for historians of science. The old view of Galileo was delightfully
uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the
prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to
nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He
had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen their
evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man
who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the
top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results
of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.#
But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period,
and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in
the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.
Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among
historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the
same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat. His
telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at
the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a
striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and
apparatus. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo
saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls
for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument? Was the
philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than
those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great
telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps
forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's
spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass
was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and
if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of
them?&