Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in
industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out,
the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as
any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying
it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other
countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of
the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of
the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and
fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them
secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for
with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even
more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This
applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a
much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes
the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research
cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in
obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are
unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a
book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of
research they are likely to be undertaking.&